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Article History

Received: 27 February 2025

Accepted: 2 April 2025

First Online: 22 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was initially approved by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Public Health (Institutional Research Board) at Shendi University. In addition, permission was obtained from the Health and Population Department—Shendi locality, directors of temporary camps, and household heads in shelters to be studied. We have also ensured that all names and personal data were completely secured to protect the privacy and confidentiality of the participants. This revision now provides full transparency regarding the ethical considerations involved in the study.

: Not applicable.