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Authors
Sani, Jamilu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9089-5973
Alhur, Anas Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6044-7072
Ahmed, Mohamed Mustaf https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5991-4052
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Article History
Received: 10 January 2026
Accepted: 6 February 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study involved secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). As no primary data collection was conducted and all identifiers were removed by the DHS Program, additional ethical approval was not required. Access to the dataset was obtained following the DHS data use agreement, and informed consent was originally obtained by DHS field teams during data collection.
