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Article History

Received: 29 December 2025

Accepted: 12 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Shenzhen Bao’an District People’s Hospital (Approval No. BYL20250218). Our research adheres strictly to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. This study constitutes a retrospective review of existing medical records, utilizing data extracted from incarcerated populations’ clinical files, usually produced during conventional medical procedures. No direct contact with the subjects occurred during this investigation. We guaranteed that access to the raw data was restricted solely to approved study team members. All incarceration identity data has been eliminated to safeguard patient confidentiality.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.