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Authors
Date, Kashmira
Antoniou, Evangelia
Polkowska-Kramek, Aleksandra
Zachariah, Philip
Dorste, Anna
Acaro, Jennifer Granda
Mason, Lauren
Mora, Laura
Eeuwijk, Jennifer
Peerawaranun, Pimnara
Hayford, Kyla
Gessner, Bradford D.
Nair, Harish
Begier, Elizabeth
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Article History
Received: 20 January 2026
Accepted: 24 April 2026
First Online: 13 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study synthesized data from previously published studies and did not involve any human subjects; therefore, institutional ethics approval was not required.
: Not applicable.
: Kashmira Date, Philip Zachariah, Anna Dorste, Jennifer Granda Acaro, Kyla Hayford, Bradford D. Gessner, and Elizabeth Begier are employees of Pfizer Inc. and may own Pfizer stock. Evangelia Antoniou is a contractor for P95 and which received funding from Pfizer in connection with the development of this manuscript and study; she is also the owner of MetaAnalyses.com, which has held contracts with Pfizer (via Labcorp), BASF, 3 M, ISOPA, and CEFIC. Aleksandra Polkowska-Kramek, Lauren Mason, Laura Mora, Jennifer Eeuwijk, and Pimnara Peerawaranun are employees of P95 Clinical and Epidemiology Services, which received funding from Pfizer in connection with the development of this manuscript and study. Harish Nair reports grants from the Innovative Medicines Initiative related to the submitted work; grants from WHO, the National Institute for Health Research, Pfizer, and Icosavax; and personal fees from the Gates Foundation, Pfizer, ReViral, GSK, Merck, Icosavax, Sanofi, Novavax, and AbbVie, outside the submitted work.
