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Kernel-Adaptive Discretization Strategies for Physics-Informed Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Framework for Optimal Solution of Fredholm Integral Equations

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44198-026-00450-5

Published Online: 2026-06-22

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Ma, Yan https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6767-911X
Li, Wei https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7210-2685
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-06-22

Version of Record valid from 2026-09-04
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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 17 June 2026

First Online: 22 June 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

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