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Authors
Salim, Bahzad
Khorsheed, Kawa Ali
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: According to national and institutional norms, this study did not require ethical review or approval. In accordance with the regulations of Erbil Polytechnic University and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, investigations involving anonymous survey responses from adult participants are not required to obtain official ethical approval. Before their involvement, each participant gave verbal informed consent after being briefed on the study’s objectives.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study fully complied with ethical norms, even though ethical approval was not necessary according to Iraq’s Ministry of Higher Education’s requirements. Anonymized survey responses were used in the study; no sensitive personal information or interventions were used. Furthermore, the study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki’s ethical guidelines.
