Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 27 October 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Declarations

:

: IRB approval was received from the University of Toledo’s IRB before the project was conducted. The Social Behavioral IRB number is 301643. All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5). Informed consent was obtained from all participants for being included in the study. All participants provided consent via an informed consent statement before participating.

: The authors affirm that all individuals included in this manuscript have given their consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests. But for transparency, Elhai does report that he earns royalties on books published on trauma and PTSD, occasionally serves as a forensic expert on PTSD cases, and has recently been funded on grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Williams is employed full-time as a technology consultant and people manager at a multinational corporation focusing on information technology, data science, and decarbonization; he is a full-time Ph.D. student at the University of Toledo.