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Article History

Received: 6 August 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 19 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted by the ethical standards for social and behavioral research and all relevant national, international, and institutional guidelines and regulations, including the principles outlined in the Belmont Report. Following institutional regulations, the Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Surabaya (UNESA) waived the need for formal ethics approval, as the study involved minimal risk, non-clinical, self-reported perceptions of psychological well-being and academic life, and did not include interventions or vulnerable populations. All participants were informed of the study’s objectives, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Informed consent was obtained digitally before participation. For participants under 16, informed consent was obtained from a parent or legally authorized representative. All responses were anonymized, and no personally identifiable information was collected.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. For participants under 16, consent was obtained from a parent or legally authorized representative.

: The authors declare no competing interests.