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Article History

Received: 12 March 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Persada Indonesia, Y.A.I. The ethics approval was granted under decree number 357/SK/R/UPI Y.A.I/XII/2023, dated December 8, 2023. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 2013.

: All participants were provided with a clear explanation of the study’s objectives and procedures, and written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to data collection, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision).

: All participants provided informed consent for their anonymized data and responses to be used and published in scientific publications. Participants were informed that the results of the study would be published in academic journals, and that no personally identifiable information would be disclosed.

: The authors declare no competing interests.