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Authors
Muhamad Nasharudin, Nurfazreen Aina
Jiakai, Liu
Suhaimi, Nur Afirah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (FRGS/1/2023/SS09/UPM/02/7)
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Article History
Received: 27 October 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for this research was obtained from the National Medical Research Register (NMRR) (NMRR ID-24-00959-IKC) prior to data collection. All participants were informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and their rights, and provided written informed consent before data collection. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the study.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
