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Article History

Received: 16 June 2025

Accepted: 26 December 2025

First Online: 17 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The research (Project Manager Kexin Xu) has been approved by School of English Studies (SES), Xi’an International Studies University. The SES is dedicated to upholding the ethical standards in research, especially when it comes to the involvement of human participants. The approval for this research is on 01/03/2022. The research project can commence after the formal approval, ensuring that all ethical prerequisites are met before any data collection or experimental procedures begin. This guarantees that the rights and welfare of participants are protected from the very start of the study. The scope of approval encompasses all aspects of this language learning research. This includes the recruitment of language learners as participants, which is carried out in a fair and non-discriminatory manner. The data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, and language proficiency tests, are approved. The collected data is stored securely to protect participant privacy. This is also part of the approved scope. Any plans for the use and dissemination of the research findings, including publication in academic journals or presentation at conferences, are covered by this approval. Any changes to the research protocol, such as modifying the data collection instruments or extending the study duration, must be submitted to the SES for review and approval before implementation. School of English Studies. Xi’an International Studies University.

: The authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. They consent to its submission to Discover Psychology and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. This work is original and has not been published elsewhere. The authors grant the journal, Discover Psychology , the following rights: (1) to publish the manuscript in print and/or digital formats; (2) to distribute copies of the manuscript to subscribers.

: Informed consent for participation was obtained from all study participants.

: The authors declare no competing interests.