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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Accepted: 13 January 2026

First Online: 22 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyungpook National University (Approval No. KNU 2023-0462).

: Informed consent for the publication of the study’s data and findings was obtained from the participants and their legal guardians. All data are presented in an anonymized format to ensure that no individual can be identified.

: Informed consent and assent were obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Specifically, online informed assent was obtained from the middle school students, and formal written informed consent was obtained from their legal guardians (parents) prior to data collection. All participants were provided with a comprehensive information sheet detailing the study’s purpose and procedures.

: The authors declare no competing interests.