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Article History

Received: 3 August 2025

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (approval date: 27 May 2023; reference number: IR.TUMS.SPH.REC.1402.075). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines of Good Clinical Practice.

: All participants and their parents or legal guardians were fully informed about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality measures, and the voluntary nature of participation. Written informed consent was obtained from both students and their parents or guardians prior to enrollment. As the intervention was conducted offline, the informed consent form was presented at the beginning of the main study questionnaire, and participation was confirmed by selecting the option “start.” Contact information for the instructor and principal investigator was provided on the first page of the pre-intervention assessment. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.