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Article History

Received: 27 May 2025

Accepted: 13 February 2026

First Online: 19 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This research is a part of doctorate dissertation study which acquired ethical exemption from the Research Ethic Commission, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia (No.4491/B/UN3.FPSI/III/TA.00.03/2024), in accordance with the World Health Organization standards of research with human participants. The informed consent was obtained from the participants. The informed consent of participation was provided, accessible to all voluntary participants and can be read at the beginning of the online survey format. All involved participants give or confirm their consent prior to the survey sections. In addition, for respondents under the age of 16, the informed consent was obtained from or by the approval of the parents, or guardians, or those who are legally authorized to represent the participant.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.