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Article History

Received: 25 August 2025

Accepted: 3 April 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The University of Lahore (approval No. UOL-HEC-2024-27). This study adopted a questionnaire-based approach for quantitative empirical investigation, with no involvement of human experiments or collection of human tissue samples. The research strictly adhered to ethical guidelines and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki (2000). Dr. Bei Lyu declares they are an Editorial Board Member of Discover Psychology and confirms that they were not involved in the handling or decision-making of their own submission.

: Not applicable.

: All respondents were fully informed of the research purpose, data usage methods, and confidentiality agreement, and voluntarily completed the questionnaire with informed consent. Prior to the commencement of data collection.

: The authors declare no competing interests.