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Article History

Received: 18 July 2025

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 19 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Formal approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Reference No. KPM. 600-3/2/3-eras (17140)). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Prior to the commencement of data collection, all respondents were fully informed of the research purpose, data usage methods, and confidentiality agreements, and they voluntarily completed the questionnaire.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.