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Article History

Received: 27 September 2025

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 20 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Review Board of the Institute for Foreign Language Training, Thu Dau Mot University (Ref. No. 110/QĐ-ĐHTDM, dated January 24, 2025). Prior to participation, all individuals were fully informed about the purpose of the study, assured that their involvement was voluntary, and provided written informed consent before data collection commenced.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.