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Authors
Ali, Amira Mohammed
Al-Dossary, Saeed A.
Abuhammad, Sawsan
Laranjeira, Carlos
Ayed, Ahmad
El-Gazar, Heba Emad
Khatatbeh, Haitham
Alamer, Rasmieh
Subih, Maha
Aljubilah, Aljawharah Fahad
Zoromba, Mohamed Ali
El-Sayed, Mona Metwally
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Article History
Received: 12 September 2025
Accepted: 15 May 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis of a public dataset shared under the terms of Creative Common License CC BY 4.0 ( ). The primary Polish study [6], which collected the data, was approved by the Committee for Ethics of Scientific Research at University of Opole, Poland, deferring the current investigation from attaining an ethical approval. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the original study [6]. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Helsinki Declaration. The present secondary analysis used already available data without any contact with the participants.
: Not applicable. Public data were used in the present study without any contact with the subjects.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
