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Article History

Received: 19 October 2025

Accepted: 2 June 2026

First Online: 13 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the American University of Kuwait (approval number AUK-IRB-2024-ADHD-01), with additional institutional clearance granted by the Ministry of Education of the State of Kuwait. All experimental protocols and study procedures were conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Informed written consent was obtained from the legal guardians of all participating children prior to data collection, and participation was entirely voluntary, with all respondents assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses. Informed consent was obtained from all participants’ legal guardians before participation. Participation was voluntary, and all respondents were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The study does not include any individual person’s data in any form (including individual images or videos).

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.