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Authors
Osborne, Augustus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0226-841X
Kamara, Muallem
Bash-Taqi, Anais
Yillah, Regina Mamidy
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2026
Accepted: 19 June 2026
First Online: 21 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Sierra Leone Ethics and Scientific Review Committee at the Ministry of Health and Sanitation in Sierra Leone. The ethics approval number is 008/11/2023. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national standards for research involving children and vulnerable populations. Informed consent was obtained from all adult participants before data collection. For participants below the age of 18, informed consent was obtained from a parent or guardian, and assent was obtained from the learner. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, their right to decline any question, and their right to withdraw from the study without consequence. No incentives were provided for participation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
