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Article History

Received: 4 February 2026

Accepted: 21 September 2026

First Online: 1 October 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the University of Ha’il (Approval No.: H-2025-801; Approval date: 12 may 2025). All procedures on human participants were done in accordance with the ethical rules and requirements of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions. The approval included the scope of assessing the social and psychological effects of cafes and coffee shops on youth (Ha’il region as a model), for instance, gathering data by using an online questionnaire administered to university students. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. The consent forms clearly described the purpose and nature of the research, the intended use of the data, and guarantees of confidentiality and anonymity. They also emphasized that participation was voluntary and free of any potential risks. Consent was collected directly by the research team during the approved data collection period. No minors or vulnerable groups were included in this paper.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.