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Are Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Science all the Same? The Public Sure Thinks So, and Why That’s Problematic

Published Online: 2026-04-02

Published Print: 2026-04

Authors

Perrin, Paul B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2070-215X
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-04-01

Version of Record valid from 2026-04-02
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Article History

Received: 24 January 2026

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The author used GPT-5 (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA) to assist with manuscript preparation, including to edit author/human-generated text for diction, tone, formatting, and consistency. All edited content was itself edited and verified by the author, who takes full responsibility for the accuracy and originality of the article.

: The author reports no conflicts of interest.

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