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Article History

Received: 30 May 2024

Accepted: 21 August 2024

First Online: 6 September 2024

Declarations

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: For this study, the data utilized was sourced from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), which is publicly accessible and anonymized. All data was downloaded from the CEPS website, ensuring that individual participants could not be identified. Identifying details such as names, dates of birth, identity numbers, biometrical characteristics, and other distinguishing information were not included in the dataset. Complete anonymity was maintained to protect participant privacy, and as such, no written informed consent was required for the use of this data in our analysis. The publicly available, de-identified nature of the data adheres to ethical standards for research and publication.

: The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.