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Article History

Received: 16 November 2024

Accepted: 18 April 2025

First Online: 5 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not require ethical approval, as it involved the use of anonymous survey data collected from consenting adult participants. According to the guidelines of Kwansei Gakuin University and relevant national research regulations in Japan and South Africa, ethics approval was deemed unnecessary. The study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional policies governing research with human participants. All participants provided informed consent before participating in the survey.

: The author consents to the publication of this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.