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Article History

Received: 29 November 2024

Accepted: 18 April 2025

First Online: 4 May 2025

Declarations

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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees, as well as the 1964 Helsinki Declaration. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. The need for ethical approval was deemed unnecessary according to national regulations, specifically: Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan (1010265075, amended 2012-07-05): “Scope of Human Research Exempt from Ethics Review Committee Review. Research projects that do not target the following groups as subjects—minors, detainees, indigenous peoples, pregnant women, individuals with physical or mental disabilities, psychiatric patients, or other groups determined or deemed by the review committee to be under undue coercion or incapable of making decisions based on free will—may be exempt from ethics review by the committee, or may be issued an exemption certificate by the ethics review committee, provided they meet one of the following conditions: 4. Studies conducted within regular teaching environments involving the evaluation or testing of educational methods, teaching techniques, or the assessment of their effectiveness.”

: The authors declare no competing interests.