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Article History

Received: 12 January 2025

Accepted: 18 April 2025

First Online: 11 June 2025

Declarations

:

: The protocol was approved by Riphah International University in accordance with the American Association for Public Opinion Research Code of Professional Ethics and Practices (2021). Participants informed consent was obtained while clearly outlining the purpose, procedures, and potential risks and benefits of the study.

: Both the authors have read and approved the final version of the article before submission to Discover Education.

: All figures are authors’ own data and do not require third party permissions.

: The study involved human participants (N = 86 doctoral scholars and N = 07 thesis supervisors) affiliated with five Pakistani private-sector and three public-sector universities specializing in Business Administration, Education, English Literature Linguistics, Management, Political Science, and Psychology) who voluntarily chose to participate in the research. They were guaranteed anonymity while presenting and interpreting the data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.