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Article History

Received: 25 February 2025

Accepted: 13 May 2025

First Online: 14 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is based on a secondary dataset obtained from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), which is publicly available/accessible on a subscription basis from the data provider. Ethical approval was not required as the dataset is de-identified and does not contain personally identifiable information.

: This study uses secondary data obtained from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), which is publicly available/accessible on a subscription basis from the data provider. The data does not contain any personally identifiable information. As a result, obtaining informed consent from individual participants was not required. The data provider ensures that all ethical data collection and confidentiality guidelines are followed.

: Since the study is based on secondary data, no direct participant consent was required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.