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Article History

Received: 19 December 2024

Accepted: 19 May 2025

First Online: 1 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This study, involving human research participants, was conducted in strict adherence to ethical principles. The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fernuniversität in Hagen, in accordance with the Guiding Principles for Ethical Research at Fernuniversität in Hagen. The study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set forth by this ethics committee, ensuring the protection of the rights and welfare of all participants involved.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors confirm that informed consents, encompassing both Consent to Participate and Consent to Publish, have been duly obtained from all adult participants involved in this study. As there are no participants under the age of 18, no consent was required from parents or legal guardians. All participants were fully informed about the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits, and they voluntarily agreed to participate and to the publication of the research outcomes. This confirmation is made with the full knowledge and agreement of all authors.