Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 November 2024

Accepted: 23 June 2025

First Online: 30 July 2025

Declarations

:

: In Sweden, ethical approval for empirical research projects is granted by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. Thus, the universities, or other research institutions, cannot themselves grant ethical approval for such projects. Not all empirical research requires approval; some does and some does not. Thus, the earlier studies did not have approval from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority, because the Swedish legislation on research ethics did not apply to the research described in it. However, the studies followed the Swedish Research Council’s ethical guidelines on data use, confidentiality and consent in all phases.

: In the previous studies, on which this conceptual article is built all ethical guidelines of the Swedish Research Council were followed, and written consents were obtained from all participants.

: Written consent to publish were obtained.

: The author, Maria C Johansson has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The author has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.