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Article History

Received: 30 April 2025

Accepted: 10 July 2025

First Online: 16 July 2025

Declarations

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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. According to the Directive of the Interuniversity Council on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics and pursuant to Articles 11 and 24 of the Higher Education Law No. 2547, research involving human participants that does not constitute biomedical or other clinical studies, as well as research that does not harm animals or the ecological balance, is exempt from the legal requirements for formal ethics committee approval. Furthermore, in scientific studies involving surveys or attitude assessments conducted with participants over the age of 18, there is no ethical concern provided that informed consent is obtained and the results are reported without disclosing any personal data.

: All individuals who participated in this study were fully informed about the purpose, methodology, duration, and the voluntary nature of their participation. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Participants were clearly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without providing a reason.

: Participants were informed that their data would be used for academic purposes and anonymized wherever possible. Informed consent to publish identifiable information (such as quotes, images, or other personal data) was obtained from all participants involved in this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.