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Article History

Received: 17 April 2025

Accepted: 7 August 2025

First Online: 25 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The protocol (Project Code: SDK0308-2020) was evaluated by the Skim Dana Khas Committee of the Pejabat Penyelidikan and Inovasi (PPI) at Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) in accordance with the Skim Dana Khas Guidelines. It was subsequently approved by the Pejabat Timbalan Naib Canselor Penyelidikan and Inovasi at UMS and bears the reference number UMS/PPI1.3.2/800-4/22/308. Due to the involvement of participants (school students) under the age of 18 years, consent forms were obtained from their parents, facilitated by their school teachers. All collected data is used only for research purposes, and the participants were informed about this research and asked for their consent.

: The authors have consented to the submission of the manuscript to the journal.

: The authors declare no competing interests.