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Article History

Received: 21 September 2024

Accepted: 13 August 2025

First Online: 16 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Prior to initiating this research endeavour, the investigator was required to obtain permission from two organizations. One pertains to the Ethical committee from the university where he pursued his studies, as well as from Kenya, the designated location for this research endeavour. At the university, permission was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Education at Eotvos Lorand University. Following the acquisition of this consent, the authorisation document was subsequently submitted to the National Commission for Science, Technology & Innovation (NACOSTI). This is the authoritative body responsible for granting permission for any research conducted in Kenya. Authorisation was also conferred. This research was conducted as per the guidelines of the two authorising bodies. Written consent was sought from all the participants before commencing the study. Each participant who was 18 years of age or older was required to provide their consent in person before the interview process. In this instance, consent was secured from all individuals involved in this study, including the al-Shabaab returnees. The students were all expected to sign the consent form, and their principals also countersigned on their behalf. When interviewing the al-Shabaab returnees, the services of a psychological counsellor were sought to address the emotional anxiety that may have affected them due to their past traumatic experiences. To protect participant confidentiality, pseudonyms were used for all the research participants. The schools were also allocated pseudonyms.

: We, the authors of this manuscript, give consent for the publication of this paper in the Discover Education Journal.

: The authors declare no competing interests.