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Article History

Received: 31 May 2025

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Thai Nguyen University of Education. The research was conducted in full accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations established by the committee and adhered to the principles outlined in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments. All information related to the participating students was anonymized through coding and kept strictly confidential. Informed consent was obtained from the parents of all student participants before their children’s involvement in the study. The students and their teachers also provided their voluntary consent to participate after being fully informed about the research purpose, procedures, their right to withdraw at any time without consequences, and confidentiality assurances.

: All participants, through their parents, gave explicit consent for their anonymized data to be used in publications related to this research.

: The authors declare no competing interests.