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Authors
Faizin, Nur
Alfan, Muhammad
Basid, Abdul
Ramadhan, Mochammad Rizal
Panatik, Siti Aisyah
Kawakip, Akhmad Nurul
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitas Negeri Malang, Faculty of Letters and the Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM) Universitas Negeri Malang (21.2.52/UN32/KP/2025)
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Article History
Received: 12 May 2025
Accepted: 18 August 2025
First Online: 21 August 2025
Declarations
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: The article is a part of research involving several undergraduate student’s participations. All participants provided their informed consent prior to participation, and data collection was conducted with full transparency regarding the purpose and use of the data in this research. In Indonesia, their age is adulthood, therefore neither their parents nor a legal guardian’s permission is required.
: The research has been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Malang State University (UM). Ethical approval was granted with approval number No. Reff: 5.6.4/UN32.14/PB/2025, in accordance with institutional guidelines and international standards for research involving human participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
