Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 March 2025

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 9 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study operated under a formal exemption from Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, as defined by Thailand’s Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation guidelines (MHESI: 6309.FB 6.1/1/2564) for research conducted within standard educational settings for instructional improvement. Accordingly, an application for IRB review was not required. Nevertheless, the study was conducted in strict adherence to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional standards. All participants provided written informed consent. Participant anonymity was maintained at all times through the use of pseudonyms and secure data management.

: All research procedures were conducted in accordance with ethical standards and relevant guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants in social sciences. Specifically, the study followed the ethical principles outlined in the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI) guidelines for classroom-based research, which indicate that teaching and assessment-related studies do not require prior approval from an institutional human research ethics committee (Document No. MHESI: 6309.FB 6.1/1/2564).

: was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Participants were informed about the purpose of the research, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and how their data would be used.

: The authors declare no competing interests.