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Article History

Received: 28 March 2025

Accepted: 22 August 2025

First Online: 13 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted for instructional and educational research purposes, involving undergraduate students at Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan. Participation was entirely voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. No personally identifiable information was collected, and no invasive or harmful procedures were involved. According to the ethical guidelines of the university, formal ethics approval was not required for this type of minimal-risk educational research. The study was carried out in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All participants provided consent for the anonymized use of their responses in the publication of this study.

: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used generative AI tools (such as ChatGPT by OpenAI) and writing assistants (such as Grammarly) for language editing and clarity improvements. These tools were not used for content generation, data analysis, or interpretation. All final revisions were reviewed and approved by the author, who takes full responsibility for the manuscript content.

: The authors declare no competing interests.