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Article History

Received: 19 February 2025

Accepted: 4 September 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

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: The researchers diligently followed ethical protocols during the research process with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. Permission was obtained from the municipal director of education for the conduct of the study in his jurisdiction. Also, ethical approval was sought from the research project work coordination team of IRB of Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. The researchers met with the sampled pre-service biology teachers to data collection and discuss the study’s purpose with them. In the informed consent form, the participants were made aware of their right to withdraw from the study whenever they wished. The participants were pre-service biology teachers who independently made their decision to take part in the study. In order to protect privacy, identity numbers were used instead of names to secure the data, maintaining the anonymity and confidentiality of the participants and their responses.

: The authors declare no competing interests. R. Ahmad Zaky El Islami declares he is an Editorial Board Member of Discover Education and confirms that he was not involved in the handling or decision-making of his own submission.