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Authors
Herman,
Sultan,
Suardi,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Institute for Research and Community Service (LP2M) of Universitas Negeri Makassar (225/UN36.11/LP2M/2024)
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 24 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Makassar (Approval No: 277/UN36.11/LP2M/2024). Informed consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring voluntary participation, confidentiality, and data protection according to institutional guidelines.
: All participants in this study were provided with information about the research objectives and procedures and gave their consent before participating in the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
