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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 12 September 2025

First Online: 10 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the research activity guidelines for educational studies at Prefectural University of Kumamoto. The survey was conducted anonymously without collecting personally identifiable information. Ethical review by the institutional ethics committee was not required, as the study does not fall under the scope of life ethics guidelines. All collected information was strictly managed and used solely for academic purposes. All participants provided informed consent after being informed about the purpose of the study, the anonymity of responses, and the handling of information.

: not applicable

: The authors declare no competing interests.