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Authors
Latifah, Uma
Mulyono, Herri
Zulaiha, Siti
Falah, Zain Adinul
Rosita, Riskha
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service, Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of Republic Indonesia (812/LL3/AL.04/2024, 812/LL3/AL.04/2024, 812/LL3/AL.04/2024)
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Article History
Received: 7 January 2025
Accepted: 15 September 2025
First Online: 17 October 2025
Declarations
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: The protocol for this study received approval from the Ethics Committee of UHAMKA’s Institute for Research, Community Service, and Publication. The approval aligns with the committee’s outlined guidelines for conducting research involving human participants.
: The authors confirm that all individuals who took part in this study have provided their consent for the inclusion and publication of their information in this journal article.
: All participants were adequately informed of the study’s purpose, as well as their rights and responsibilities. Written informed consent was obtained prior to data collection, and all data were voluntarily provided with explicit approval for research use.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
