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Article History

Received: 16 April 2025

Accepted: 16 September 2025

First Online: 15 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS 2), 2022. All procedures were reviewed and approved by the Cape Breton University Research Ethics Board, ensuring compliance with national guidelines and institutional policies. All participants voluntarily provided their consent or assent to take part in the research. Informed consent was obtained from the participating teacher, as well as from the parents or legal guardians of the students. In addition, assent was obtained from the students themselves.

: As the sole author, Qingna Jin was responsible for all aspects of this research including study conception and design, data collection and analysis, and manuscript preparation. The author agrees to publish the article on Discover Education.

: The authors declare no competing interests.