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Article History

Received: 27 January 2025

Accepted: 16 September 2025

First Online: 22 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Jambi University Research Ethics Committee approved this research in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.All participants confirmed that they have read and understood the information provided, have had the opportunity to ask questions, and voluntarily agree to participate in this study.

: Not applicable.

: All participants provided informed consent prior to participating in this study. They were informed about the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Participants were assured of confidentiality and were informed that their data would be used solely for research purposes. Written consent was obtained from all participants, and they were given the opportunity to ask questions before agreeing to participate.

: The authors declare no competing interests.