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Article History

Received: 21 April 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was waived by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai International Studies University, as the study involved voluntary and anonymous participation of adult teachers and middle school students, with no collection of sensitive personal data and no physical or psychological intervention.

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: All participants provided informed consent for the use of their responses in this study and for the publication of research findings. No personally identifiable information has been disclosed.

: The authors declare no competing interests.