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Article History

Received: 6 June 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research and Innovation Ethics Committee (RIEC) of the Federal University of Oye Ekiti, Nigeria prior to data collection. The RIEC approval was granted on 24th of March, 2025, with RIEC number RIEC/FUOYE/SED/RES/003. Additionally, research permits were obtained from the relevant state Ministries of Education, and informed consent was secured from all participants. Official permission to conduct the research in public secondary schools was obtained. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the approving bodies and in compliance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the Nigerian National Code of Health Research Ethics. All participants provided voluntary, informed consent to participate in this study after being fully informed of its purpose, procedures, and their rights as participants.

: Participants provided consent for the publication of anonymized responses and findings derived from the study. No personally identifiable information is included in the published material.

: Informed consent was secured from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the research process.

: This research involved human participants, specifically physics teachers and school administrators. No animals were involved in this research. All research activities adhered to ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.

: The authors declare no competing interests.