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Article History

Received: 9 March 2025

Accepted: 23 September 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Declarations

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: All procedures involving human participants in this study were conducted in full compliance with the ethical standards of the institution. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the International Islamic University Islamabad. All the procedures and benefits of the study and were assured of their right to withdraw at any point without any consequences. Informed consent was obtained in writing from all participants prior to their participation. Anonymity, confidentiality, and data protection were strictly maintained throughout the research process. No physical, psychological, or emotional harm was inflicted, and all responses were used solely for academic and research purposes. The research was conducted as part of an MS Psychology program, and the study title was approved by the University's Board of Advanced Studies. The consent were taken from all participants in written form.

: The authors confirm that informed consent was obtained from all adult participants in this study, including both consent to participate and consent to publish. Since there were no participants under 18, parental or guardian consent was not required. All participants were clearly informed about the purpose of the study, its procedures, potential risks, and benefits, and they voluntarily agreed to take part and allow the results to be published. This statement is made with the full agreement of all authors.

: The authors declare no competing interests.