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Authors
Bernier, Jeremy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-5268
Kramarczuk, Kristina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7212-3531
Terrell Shockley, Ebony https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5253-6315
Figueroa, Francheska
Yan, Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7602-8155
Xin, Yue https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-8316
Mak, Janice https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9453-1018
Su, Man https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5696-8414
Ketelhut, Diane Jass https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5307-1281
Nelson, Brian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9533-6900
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Directorate for STEM Education (2101526, 2101039)
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Article History
Received: 22 April 2025
Accepted: 30 September 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Declarations
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: This research was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Arizona State University and the University of Maryland. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent to participate and for collection of data was obtained from all participants.
: Consent to submit this manuscript to Discover Education was obtained from all authors.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
