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Article History

Received: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 7 October 2025

First Online: 10 November 2025

Declarations

:

: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The researchers obtained an official approval from the Institute for Foreign Language Training and Education before performing this study. After receiving approval, the manuscript was critically assessed and authorized by the Department of Science and International Cooperation for study adherence (Ref No: 110/QĐ-ĐHTDM, dated January 24, 2025). Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study.

: All participants provided written consent for publication of the study’s findings.

: The authors declare no competing interests.