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Article History

Received: 27 May 2025

Accepted: 8 October 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The protocol was approved by the University of Mazandaran Ethics Committee in accordance with the institutional ethical standards and national research regulations. At the time of data collection, formal written approval was not required for minimal-risk research involving adult volunteers and anonymized data, as stated in the university’s ethics policy. Informed written consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.

: Informed written consent to publish the findings of this study was obtained from all participants.

: The authors declare no competing interests.