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Article History

Received: 2 July 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 15 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This paper is based on a research proposal that received formal approval from the Scientific Advisory Board of the Literature, Arts and Humanities Series at the University of Parakou ( Comité Scientifique de la Série Lettres, Arts et Sciences Humaines de l'Université de Parakou ). Approval was granted in accordance with the CAMES Code of Ethics and Professional Standards, prior to the commencement of fieldwork. All participants provided written informed consent prior to taking part in the interviews. To further ensure confidentiality and voluntary participation, respondents were also asked to confirm their involvement through anonymous authentication procedures.

: The authors affirm that all human research participants provided informed consent for the publication of the data presented in this article.

: The authors declare no competing interests.