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Article History

Received: 21 April 2025

Accepted: 27 October 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Research, Publication, and Dissemination Ethics Committee (RPDEC) at Debre Markos College of Teacher Education. The RPDEC fully approved the protocol with the reference number RPDEC/0054/2024 on April 27, 2024. Informed consent was obtained from parents/guardians and participants before the data collection process began. Respondents were made aware of the study's aim and purpose, and only those who chose to participate voluntarily were included. Anonymity was upheld to protect the identities of the participants, and all collected data was encrypted to ensure confidentiality throughout the research.

: Permission was obtained from the secondary school and college education heads to publish the study findings. The author consents to publication in the Discover Education Journal and confirms that the research is original and unpublished elsewhere. All materials and methods were properly cited, respecting intellectual property rights.

: The authors declare no competing interests.